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Vilna Ghetto
The Vilna Ghetto, Vilnius Ghetto, Wilno Ghetto or Vilniaus Getas was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius in the territory of Nazi-administered Reichskommissariat Ostland. During roughly two years of its existence, starvation, disease, street executions, maltreatment and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps reduced the population of the ghetto from an estimated 40,000 to zero. Only several hundred people managed to survive, mostly by hiding in the forests surrounding the town, joining the Soviet partisans,〔Piotr Zychowicz, ( "Wybory Icchaka Arada" ) (the Yitzhak Arad choices), Rzeczpospolita, 12-07-2008. ''More external sources at Yitzhak Arad article.''〕〔Piotr Zychowicz, ( "Icchak Arad: od NKVD do Yad Vashem" (From NKVD to Yad Vashem) ) Rzeczpospolita, July 12, 2008〕 or finding shelter among sympathetic locals.
== Background ==
German troops entered Vilnius on 26 June 1941, followed by units of the ''Einsatzgruppe A death squads.'' Over the course of the summer, German troops and Lithuanian collaborators killed more than 21,000 Jews living in Vilnius, in a mass extermination program. Vilnius (or Vilna/Wilno) was a predominantly Polish and Jewish city before World War II. After invading Poland, Joseph Stalin transferred it back to Lithuania in October 1939 according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty. The Republic of Lithuania had claimed it as its capital and the dispute between Poland and Lithuania was a long-standing one at the League of Nations. The Republic of Lithuania, operating out of the provisional capital Kaunas, sent in the Lithuanian Army to reclaim the city and embarked on a project to Lithuanianize the city.
The Jewish population of Vilnius on the eve of the Holocaust was probably more than 60,000, including refugees from the German-occupied Poland, and subtracting the small number who managed to flee onward to the Soviet Union. The kidnapping and mass murder of Jews in the city commenced before the ghetto was set up by the advancing German forces, resulting in an execution of approximately 21,000 victims prior to September 6, 1941. The Lithuanian kidnappers were known in Yiddish as ''hapunes,'' meaning grabbers or snatchers.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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